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| | == Research == | | == Research == |
| − | # '''[[#Process and Reflection|Process and Reflection]]''' on the workshop in Dessau
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| − | # '''[[#Human Research|Human Research]]''' containing the ergonometry of the human body
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| − | # '''[[#Animal Research|Animal Research]]''' about the different fauna species
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| − | # '''[[#Site Analysis|Site Analysis]]''' containing the ergonometry of the human body
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| − | == Process and Reflection ==
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| − | The workshop consisted in the parametric design and robotic production of a fragment of urban furniture in the context of Dessau’s Elb river. The first days we developed the concept of adaptation to the natural environment and the functionality for different users other than humans such as insects, birds, etc. Based on these ideas and on 3 different sitting positions we designed a form that adapted to those general parameters.
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| − | After we had a general shape of urban furniture we applied the Voronoi principle on a selected fragment of it. This principle is present throughout many systems in nature: the idea of fragmentation that generates different degrees of density and porosity. The parameters used to determine the areas with higher density or porosity in the fragment’s surface were the force lines of tension and compression which were obtained through a plug-in in grasshopper.
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| − | Finally we applied grasshopper scripts to generate the Kuka robot’s path of movement to hot wire-cut the basic shape and then mill the details of the surface, both bumps and holes. At the start of the hole-drilling stage, however, we realised that the drill’s scale and ‘bumps’ were not proportional, so we decided to only drill a few holes to avoid destroying the texture and form obtained.
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| − | To conclude, the workshop was a very helpful and didactic way to get introduced to parametric design and robotic fabrication because we got to create an object in a very short period of time with hands-on experience.
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| − | ===='''What we’ll implement'''====
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| − | Back in Delft, we will have more time to further develop the concepts that we came up with during the workshop:
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| − | Adaptation to nature
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| − | Relationship with water
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| − | Different types of users, people, insects, animals
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| − | Different sitting/lying positions throughout the object
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| − | Compression and tension forces as parameters
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| − | As a starting point we will also use the same material (EPS) and methods of production (Hot wire cutting combined with milling with the Kuka robot). Nevertheless, for our final project we will also consider the conditions of the new context, in Rotterdam, mapping of the user’s movements, environmental factors such as temperature, radiation, wind, precipitation and ways in which our object can contribute to a more dynamic and comfortable urban life.
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| − | [[#Top|Back to top]]
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| − | == Human Research ==
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| − | # '''[[#Relation between human body and space/object|Relation between human body and space/object]]'''
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| − | # '''[[#Ergonomics|Ergonomics]]'''
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| − | # '''[[#Scale|Scale]]'''
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| − | # '''[[#Movement|Movement]]'''
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| − | ===='''Relation between human body and space/object'''====
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| − | The spaces we inhabit influence how we act and how we feel. Architects and urban planners create the constructed worlds that people consciously or unconsciously accept, the places where they spend and enjoy their time. But in just the same way, spaces can emerge that are uninviting, that generate discontent, and that are ultimately shunned. Regardless of the formal design language employed, the quality of a space is determined above all by the users’ intuitive acceptance of it.
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| − | As we move through towns and cities we randomly perceive façades, behind which lay hidden interiors with incredibly different characters and impacts. The shells of the buildings function as filters between within and without, serving to bind or separate the private and the public, to draw a line between exposed spaces and secluded retreats. A space’s form and design determines its positive as well as its negative effects, which everyone can experience in their own way. But whatever the differing political, social and cultural characteristics that influence our perception and critical judgment and shape our actions and reflections, it is clear that built spaces generate substantial, individually perceived sensory impressions in all human beings. Architecture is often interpreted and used in ways that were not originally intended. This fact necessitates complete openness towards each new task.
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| − | The relationship between architecture and the human body obviously has a long history. And the questions that arise when exploring this relationship are more than simply about finding the proper dimensions and placements within architectural space to “accommodate” a person and their behaviors within it. The relationship between architecture and the human body delves deep into why those behaviors manifest in the first place, as it calls upon the experiential characteristics and qualities that spark when the two unite — impacting not only occupant behavior through the body, but also impacting occupants intellectually, emotionally, physiologically and even spiritually through the body as well. In a lecture which I once heard at Harvard University, the architect Sou Fujimoto describes the contrast between what he calls the “nest” and “cave” type architectures.
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| − | In this case, architecture acts more as a guide, directing when, where or how occupant behavior can take place. While conversely, Fujimoto describes the cave-type architecture as a building with an inherent “landscape” — where within the architectural fabric, occupants will ultimately find their own comfortable place which suits their needs. In this case, the architecture is more of a strategically designed fabric which invites people to use their own creativity and curiosity as they adapt what they want to do into the space.
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| − | The goal of our project is for our shape finding process to develop this intrinsic flexibility found within the very natural environment in which we intend to merge. This way we will produce an object that adapts to a variety of functions and pre-defined users (humans, insects, plants).
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| − | ===='''Ergonomics'''====
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| − | The terms ‘ergonomics’ and ‘human factors’ can be used interchangeably, although ‘ergonomics’ is often used in relation to the physical aspects of the environment, such as workstations and control panels, while ‘human factors’ is often used in relation to wider system in which people work.
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| − | Ergonomics is a science-based discipline that brings together knowledge from other subjects such as anatomy and physiology, psychology, engineering and statistics to ensure that designs complement the strengths and abilities of people and minimise the effects of their limitations. Rather than expecting people to adapt to a design that forces them to work in an uncomfortable, stressful or dangerous way, ergonomists and human factors specialists seek to understand how a product, workplace or system can be designed to suit the people who need to use it.
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| − | “Ergonomics is about ’fit’: the fit between people, the things they do, the objects they use and the environments they work, travel and play in. If good fit is achieved, the stresses on people are reduced. They are more comfortable, they can do things more quickly and easily, and they make fewer mistakes.” Our project would seek to accomplish these qualities through the careful analysis of the human anatomy and different sitting/lying positions.
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| − | “Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people.”
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| − | Domains of specialization within the discipline of ergonomics are broadly the following;
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| − | Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity. Relevant topics include working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.
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| − | Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design.
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| − | Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies and processes. Relevant topics include communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management.
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| − | ===='''Scale'''====
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| − | Man has used his own body as a measure to create the human environment since ancient times. no more effective instrument has been found to measure the interaction between man and his environment than that based on the human body, in other words the human scale.
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| − | however, the artificial environment surrounding us today is far from being based on the human scale, and we are therefore faced with the need to examine the human scale afresh. (K. Tonuma)
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| − | There are three aspects of the environment created by inhuman scales: 1) hugeness, 2) hyperdensity and 3) short-circuiting network that result in the loss of benchmarks.
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| − | SCALE
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| − | The final design object should integrate different scales for different body proportions (men, women, children) through a seamless and fluid shape.
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| − | Based on a number of measurements and dimensions on various segments of the body. Body size includes height and mass, segment size include length circumferences, diameters and so on. This means individual segments masses cannot be directly measured, but can be predicted.
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| − | F.E. When 20 years old the ratios are 1.08:1 for height, 1,25:1 for weight, and 1,45:1 for lean body mass.
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| − | https://www.jstor.org/stable/43621773?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
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| − | ===='''Movement'''====
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| − | Without going into complicated physics explanations and equations, movementinvolves an entity moving from point A to point B. The movement is carried out around a fixed axis or fulcrum and has a direction.The opposing movements of flexion and extension take place in sagittal directions around transverse axes. Flexion, or bending, involves decreasing the angle between the two entities taking part in the movement (bones or body parts). In contrast, extension, or straightening, involves increasing the respective angle.
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| − | [[#Top|Back to top]]
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| − | == Animal Research ==
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| − | Quisque eu mauris finibus est venenatis vulputate et vitae odio. Pellentesque maximus malesuada mauris, id facilisis augue sodales ac. Fusce cursus purus diam, eu mollis nibh placerat ac. Mauris eros dolor, mollis at eros ullamcorper, luctus dignissim orci. Phasellus quis quam ac tortor fringilla maximus vitae pretium nunc. Proin commodo sed lorem eget pulvinar. Duis in mauris facilisis magna aliquam commodo et vel libero. Integer vitae eros at diam accumsan aliquet vitae quis nibh. Sed sit amet venenatis leo. Mauris ut justo neque.
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| − | [[File:Screenshot 1.png|thumbnail|Protected species in Rotterdam|850px]]
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| − | ===='''References'''====
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| − | [[File:Nendo-bird apartment tree-house 1.jpg|850px]]
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| − | [[File:Csm 1280959200 780 752 500 ae8ff7d16b.jpg|423px]][[File:Csm 1280959200 777 752 500 b633617a0a.jpg|423px]]
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| − | == Site Analysis ==
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| − | ===='''Seasons'''====
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| − | <html><iframe width="420" height="236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLSOnH_Mvn9KsEfvRN7p4_uAfovhCRmGBg&autoplay=1&loop=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
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| − | <html><iframe width="420" height="236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLSOnH_Mvn9KvaXcNlP04xP1TrpePf0vzS&autoplay=1&loop=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
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| − | <br>
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| − | <html><iframe width="420" height="236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLSOnH_Mvn9KtvVmVgRM5M-HBK7d96Od1T&autoplay=1&loop=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
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| − | <html><iframe width="420" height="236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLSOnH_Mvn9KuBhFyo16gTqHhq9WqQ51lu&autoplay=1&loop=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
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| − | ===='''Climate'''====
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| − | <div style="float:left; width: 400px;border:0px;solid #aaa; margin-right:1.5%; margin-left:0%;margin-bottom:1%; " align="left">
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| − | Based on the climate analysis, we can conclude that the main factors of climate comfort for the users would be shading during the warmer months with more sunlight hours and the protection/sheltering from the wind, specially during the colder months of january and february. These diagrams can provide us with additional parameters to shape to our object in accordance to the prevailing directions of the wind and the angles of the sun in different seasons.
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| − | Seasons
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| − | Winter, from December to February, is cold: temperatures are on average a few degrees above freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) during the day, while at night they are around freezing; wind and humidity often exacerbate the feeling of cold.
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| − | However, different weather situations can occur.
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| − | When the westerlies blow, the temperature can be quite mild, and can reach 10/12 °C (50/54 °F), but there can be wind and rain.
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| − | On the other hand, when the city is affected by cold air masses from Russia, the temperature drops below freezing, for longer or shorter periods, even during the day. During the most intense and prolonged cold waves, rivers and canals can freeze. Generally the temperature does not drop below -13 °C (9 °F); more rarely, it can drop further, to around -20 °C (-4 °F) in the coldest winters.
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| − | Snowfalls in Rotterdam are quite frequent, though usually not abundant, and occur in the form of sleet or light snow, sometimes however snow can accumulate on the ground, and last for many days, if it occurs during cold waves.
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| − | Spring, from March to May, is initially cold, with possible snowfalls still in March, and then it gradually becomes milder in April and May, although some cold days, with highs around 10 °C (50 °F), can occur also in May, especially in the first half of the month. However, April and May are, albeit slightly, the least rainy and cloudy months.
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| − | Typically, in the second half of May the temperature becomes permanently acceptable, and there can be the first pleasantly warm days, with highs around 25 °C (77 °F) or even above.
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| − | Summer, from June to August, is mild, and the flow of Atlantic fronts does not cease even in this season; the wind blows constantly from the sea, and rainfall is also quite frequent. However, there are pleasant periods, in which daytime temperatures are between 20 °C and 25 °C (68 °F and 77 °F), but also cooler periods, in which they remain below 20 °C (68 °F). At night it can be a bit cold, in fact the temperature can drop below 10 °C (50 °F) even in July and August. Sometimes there can be hot days, in which the temperature can reach 28/30 °C (82/86 °F), but this may not occur for a whole month.
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| − | Autumn, from September to November, is initially pleasant, ie in the first half of September, then it gradually becomes more cold, dull, wet and windy. The first night frosts usually occur in November, but sometimes also in October.
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| − | The amount of sunshine in Rotterdam is not high: the sun rarely shines from October to February, while it goes a bit better from May to August, when the weather is variable, and between a disturbance and the other the sun can come out. There are on average 7 hours of sunshine per day in May and June, and 6 in July and August.
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| − | For swimming, the North Sea is very cool or cold even in summer: the temperature reaches 16 °C (61 °F) in July, and 17 °C (63 °F) in August and September.
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| − | Scientists have shown that mood, metabolism, immune system activity and the way we perceive colors can change with the seasons. Brain activity related to attention and memory may also have a seasonal element. “Even though we live in artificial environments with light cycles that are no longer seasonal, we have the programming in our brains to respond to seasonality” - Anna Wirz-Justice
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| − | Based on this information, our proposal could seek to provide an improvement in the thermal comfort for the users by reducing the impact of high temperatures/radiation during summer (through the integration of ventilation and shade) and wind during the winter (through sheltering). Heat waves can cause hazardous symptoms such as dizziness, headache and fainting and low temperatures can reduce our immune system performance, so it’s important that our project can counter-act some of these negative effects.</div>
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| − | <div style="float:left; width: 420px;border:0px;solid #aaa; margin-right:1.5%; margin-left:0%;margin-bottom:1%; " align="left">[[File:Climate diagrams Rotterdam.jpg|420px|]]</div><br>
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| − | [[File:Rose diagram Rotterdam.jpg|850px]]
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